Frontier and Growth Markets | March 3, 2014

Business Solutions to India’s Poverty

ImpactAlpha
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ImpactAlpha

Economists have it all wrong. The conventional definition of economic growth—increase in average per capita GDP—is irrelevant to people living in extreme poverty. If you’re one of 400 million people in India earning $400 a year or less and the board chairman of Reliance Industries earns $18 million, the fact that the average per capita income between the two of you is $9,000,200 will give you scant comfort. Throughout the poor countries of the Global South, the economic growth reflected in per capita GDP is overwhelmingly commercial, industrial, and urban, with little direct impact on rural areas, where most extremely poor people live. India has experienced almost eight percent annual GDP growth over the past decade, but according to the World Bank, two-thirds of the population still lives on less than $2 a day. And there are still 300 million people who go hungry in India—despite far-reaching but ineffective government programs to provide schooling, feed children, and directly subsidize some of the poor. We do not see any hope that increased investment either in conventional economic growth or in government assistance programs is likely to do any better. The only effective large-scale answer to extreme poverty is to stimulate rapid scalable growth centered specifically in the nearly 700,000 villages where most poor Indians live, not urban-centered growth that generates only a trivial trickle-down impact. If you ask poor people why they’re poor, as we have, they’ll freely tell you they simply don’t have enough money. We see three effective ways to address the challenge of poverty: by (a) helping poor people develop income-generating businesses of their own; (b) providing jobs that allow them to increase their incomes through wages or salaries; or (c) selling them products that enable them to earn or save money. We’re all familiar with the global effort to help poor people build their own businesses through microcredit—an effort that has brought mixed results. (The biggest problem is that most microloans are used for consumption, not to build businesses.) But where are the market-based solutions that deliver jobs in large numbers to the bottom billions or products that help them increase their incomes? Sadly, there are all too few, and none has reached meaningful scale. The opportunities are there for all to see:

  • At least a billion poor farmers around the world lack access to affordable income-generating tools such as small-plot irrigation, information on how to farm better, and access to markets for the crops they grow.
  • At least a billion poor farmers lack access to crop insurance, and even greater numbers have no access to health and accident insurance that could lessen their financial challenges.
  • Nearly one billion people in the world go hungry on any given night, and an equal number lack access to affordable nutritious foods.
  • More than a billion people live in rudimentary shelters, constituting a ready market for $100 to $300 houses with market and collateral value that could start them on the road to the middle class
  • At least one billion people have neither latrines nor toilets
  • More than one billion people have no access to electricity
  • One billion or more don’t have access to decent, affordable schools
  • A minimum of one billion people lack affordable and professional health services.
  • At least one billion use cooking and heating methods that make them sick and pollute the air.

We believe that all these areas, and many more, offer huge opportunities to create profitable global companies capable of transforming business as usual and reducing the incidence of extreme poverty in the process. They’re just waiting for imaginative entrepreneurs or existing businesses ready to tackle the challenges of radical affordability, last-mile delivery, culturally appropriate marketing, and, above all, design for scale. If just 100 new businesses set out on this path, committing themselves to attract 100 million customers each in the first ten years, generating at least $10 billion in annual sales, and earning generous enough profits to attract mainstream capital, we would see, at long last, meaningful progress in the global fight against poverty. It’s time to stop theorizing and get down to business.

Paul Polak and Mal Warwick are the authors of “The Business Solution to Poverty: Designing Products and Services for Three Billion New Customers” (Berrett-Koehler, 2013). This post is adapted, with permission, from Businesssolutionstopoverty.com.